Welcome to our “Science Tank” section. In this area of the website, we deal with relevant discoveries from the world of science (physics, mathematics, computer science, medicine and many more) in an interdisciplinary manner. We publish important achievements from around the world with a special focus on the scientific environment in Göttingen. Have fun and stay curious.
One of the most important goals in astronomy is to accurately measure the total amount of matter in the universe. This is a very difficult task even for the most advanced mathematician. A team of scientists from the University of California at Riverside performed such calculations. The research was conducted in Astrophysical Journal released. The team of scientists found that known matter makes up 31 percent of the total amount of matter and energy in the universe. The remaining 69 percent are dark matter and energy.
Dark matter
- If all the matter in the universe were evenly distributed in space, there would be an average of only about six hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, "says research chief author Mohamed Abdullah of the University of California, Riverside. The scientist emphasizes, however, that most matter is actually dark Matter is. - So we can't really talk about hydrogen atoms, but about matter that cosmologists don't yet understand, "he says. Dark matter doesn't emit or reflect light, making it very difficult to see. But their existence is betrayed by their gravitational effects. This is how scientists explain the anomalies in the rotation of galaxies and the movement of galaxies in galaxy clusters. Scientists are still trying to figure out what exactly is the nature of dark matter and what creates it, but despite years of research, they are standing on the spot. It is believed that dark matter in the universe is not baryonic. It is likely made up of as-yet-undiscovered subatomic particles. But since it does not interact with light like normal matter, it can only be observed through gravitational effects, which cannot be explained unless there is more matter than can be seen. For this reason, most experts believe that dark matter is ubiquitous in the universe and has a strong influence on its structure and evolution. Abdullah explains that one of the good techniques for determining the total amount of matter in the universe is to compare the number of galaxies observed against selected volume units and mathematical models. Since modern galaxies are formed from matter that has changed over billions of years due to gravity, it is possible to predict the amount of matter in the universe.
If we look at the world on a sufficiently small scale, we find that it has a grainy structure. Physicists have demonstrated particles of matter, light, and most interactions - but no experiment has revealed the granular properties of gravity.
Many physicists believe that gravity must be carried by massless "gravitons", but the interaction with known particles is too weak to be proven. Some theorists have come up with the idea that the existence of gravity can be confirmed if significant numbers of gravitons accumulate during intense gravitational phenomena, such as the merging of black holes. In March, Physical Review Letters published an analysis showing that such violent disasters can pull gravitons out of the shadows.
Where there is energy, there is also gravity. Douglas Singleton, a California State University physicist who was not involved in the new study, claims that photons - massless packets of radiant energy - can, in extremely rare cases, spontaneously convert into gravitational particles. The opposite can also happen: Gravitons become photons. The new analysis looks at the mechanism by which gravitons can release as many photons billions of times as previous studies have shown, which would make it easier to confirm their existence.
Raymond Sawyer, the work author and physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, says that a rough estimate based on the density of gravitons near the black hole collision location is close to the number that would produce detectable radiation.
One of the two results of various measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe must be wrong - but which one?
At the beginning of the XXI century the standard cosmological model seemed complete. It contains many secrets - also full of fertile areas for further research, of course - definitely. But in general everything was in a "heap": about two thirds of the universe was dark energy (the mysterious thing that accelerates its expansion), about a quarter was dark matter (the mysterious thing that determines the development of its structure), and 4% or 5% was "ordinary" matter (that is, what we, the planets, the stars, the galaxies and everything we have always considered, not counting the last few decades, to be a complete universe). It was a logical whole.
...Not so fast. Or, more precisely, too quickly!
In recent years there has been a discrepancy between two ways of measuring the rate of expansion of the universe - a quantity known as Hubble constant (H0) is designated. The method, which consisted of starting with measurements in today's universe and going back to earlier and earlier stages, consistently gave a value of H0. However, the measurements, which began in the earliest stages of the universe and went back to the present day, also consistently provided a different value - one that shows that the universe is expanding faster than we thought.
What are the chances of creating new isotopes of superheavy elements? Researchers highlighted the most promising channels for the production of a wide range of isotopes with atomic numbers from 112 to 118. Calculations carried out by Polish scientists in collaboration with a group of scientists from Dubna (Russia) allow them to predict the chances for the creation of new isotopes of superheavy elements with previously unavailable accuracy. Scientists presented the most promising channels for the production of a wide range of isotopes with atomic numbers 112 to 118 in various nuclear collision configurations that led to their formation. The predictions confirm, with excellent compatibility, the experimental data available for methods that have already been tested.
Today an anecdote from the world of patents. We hear from many people, particularly questions regarding some disclosure to WO2020060606. Although, to be completely honest, they are less questions than ready-made opinions on the subject. Said patent specification also provides bizarre "information" and comments in various social media portals.
Source picture: WO2020060606
This is a patent application from MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC. First of all maybe about the background of the "questions". The number constellation 606060 is unusual for many and is very quickly translated to 666, which is generally regarded as the number of evil….
Furthermore, the nature of this patent application, whether wanted or not, is completely misunderstood and is even misrepresented by various sources. It is alleged that the claims of the patent describe a microchip to be implanted in people and to monitor them. The disclosure of the font took place on March 26.03.2020th, 19, i.e. quite synchronously with the COVID-XNUMX situation. We also find it a little sad that the questioners and publicists don't even bother to read the scripture correctly.
Here are a few facts that will hopefully clear up the matter:
Traditionally, the "muscles" of small robots worked with external power sources or batteries. In the latter case, this increased the weight and size of the robot considerably. The best batteries have an energy density of around 1,8 megajoules per kilogram. This is a fraction of what is made from animal fat, around 38 MJ / kg. The methanol-powered muscles used by RoBeetle can reach an energy level of up to 20 MJ / kg through catalytic combustion.
Today something from the field of physics for the inquisitive: The Dzhanibekov effect, also known as the tennis racket theorem, explains an instability of rotating bodies with three different moments of inertia. The moment of inertia indicates the resistance of a body to changes in its rotational movement. It depends on the particular axis of rotation and the geometry. Understanding the dynamics of classical Hamiltonian systems is still a crucial goal with a multitude of applications that go far beyond their mathematical description. In the case of integrable systems with few degrees of freedom, an efficient approach is based on a geometric analysis to characterize the dynamic properties of the mechanical system. Such geometrical phenomena are typically the origin of the robustness of certain effects that can be observed experimentally. one of them is the so-called. Dzhanibekov effect or also called the tennis racket effect.
Janibekov effect in the weightlessness of the ISS
An excellent and detailed theoretical derivation of the phenomenon can be found here (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.08237.pdf). We are dealing here with one who is a little rougher, but who nevertheless explains the phenomenon. Unfortunately, some prior knowledge of the dynamics of rigid bodies is necessary here:
Perhaps in the near future we will be able to operate our devices, such as laptops or tablets, with an ordinary sheet of paper. The engineers of Purdue University developed a technology that enables us to make an interactive keyboard out of paper. The engineers at Purdue University have developed a process that enables paper or cardboard to be coated with "highly fluorinated molecules". This makes the paper dust, oil and water resistant, which means you can print multiple layers of circuit boards on it without the ink smudging.
Using carefully prepared nanomaterials, scientists at Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology succeeded in “bending” the laser beam in such a way that a holographic image with previously unattainable properties was created, which observers compared with the holograms known from the "Star Wars" series . Thanks to the new technology, the image of a rotating globe was created. The work of the Japanese research team was described in the journal "Optics Express".
Thermal management is one of the most important challenges for the future of electronics. With the steadily increasing data generation and communication rate as well as the constant urge to reduce the size and cost of industrial converter systems, the power density of electronics has increased. As a result, cooling, with its enormous energy and water consumption, is having an ever greater impact on the environment, and new technologies are needed to generate heat in a more sustainable way - that is, using less water and energy. Embedding the liquid cooling directly into the chip is a promising approach for more efficient thermal management. However, even with the most modern approaches, electronics and cooling are treated separately, so that the full energy-saving potential of the embedded cooling remains unused.
The office of the Federal President today announced the nominees for the German Future Prize 2020 in the Hall of Honor of the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In the circle of the best - the three projects for the final round of the Federal President's Prize for Technology and Innovation - is a team of experts from TRUMPF, ZEISS and Fraunhofer IOF: With their project "EUV lithography - New light for the digital age", Dr. . Peter Kurz, ZEISS Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology (SMT) division, Dr. Michael Kösters, TRUMPF Lasersystems for Semiconductor Manufacturing, and Dr. Sergiy Yulin, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Mechanics IOF in Jena, nominated.
The team of experts in front of the world's most powerful pulsed industrial laser, which is used to generate light to enable EUV lithography (from left): Dr. Peter Kurz, ZEISS SMT Division, Dr. Michael Kösters, TRUMPF Lasersystems for Semiconductor Manufacturing and Dr. Sergiy Yulin, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Mechanics IOF
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One of the most important goals in astronomy is to accurately measure the total amount of matter in the universe. This is a very difficult task even for the most advanced mathematician. A team of scientists from the University of California at Riverside performed such calculations. The research was conducted in Astrophysical Journal released. The team of scientists found that known matter makes up 31 percent of the total amount of matter and energy in the universe. The remaining 69 percent are dark matter and energy.
One of the two results of various measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe must be wrong - but which one?
