Water on the lunar surface cannot only be found in cold, shady craters near the poles. At a recent NASA conference, scientists confirmed that water is more abundant on the Silver Globe than previously thought and can even be found on the sunlit surface of our natural satellite.
Until the end of the last decade, scientists thought the moon was a rather dry place. Everything changed when India's Chandrayaan probe discovered water in the form of water ice in constantly shaded craters near the poles in 2009. Since then, numerous studies have shown the presence of water ice in places with consistently low temperatures. Now, in two new studies, the scientists have not only confirmed the presence of water on the moon, but also discovered that there could be many "cold traps" on the surface of the Silver Globe that contain water, including in areas that sunlight gets in.
In November 2018, the Probe Voyager 2 left the outer edge of the heliosphere after a 41-year journey and entered interstellar space. The latest data sent by the probe revealed interesting information about space outside the solar system. The data collected by the spaceship indicate that the further Voyager 2 moves from the sun, the density of space increases. This is not the first time that an increase in the density of matter has been observed in space. The Travel 1, which entered interstellar space in 2012, found a similar density gradient, but elsewhere in space. New data from Voyager 2 shows that the measurements from Voyager 1 were not only correct, but that the recorded increase in density may be a feature of interstellar space.
A team of German scientists measured the passage of photons through the hydrogen molecule. This is the shortest measurement of a period of time so far and is expressed in zeptoseconds or trillions of seconds. Physicists at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt have measured how in collaboration with scientists from the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin and DESY in Hamburg long it takes a photon to traverse a hydrogen particle. The result they obtained is 247 zeptoseconds for the average bond length of the particle. This is the shortest time span that has been measured so far.
In his 1999 Nobel Prize-winning work, Egyptian chemist Ahmed Zewail measured the speed with which particles change shape. Using ultrashort laser flashes, he discovered that the formation and breaking of chemical bonds takes place in the femtosecond range. A femtosecond is equal to one billionth of a second (0,0000000000000000001 second, 10E-15 seconds).
But German physicists have studied a process that is much shorter than the femtosecond. They measured how long it takes a photon to penetrate a hydrogen molecule. The measurements showed that the photon journey takes 247 zeptoseconds for the average particle binding length, and one zeptosecond equals one trillionth of a second (0,00000000000000000000001 second, 10E-21).
The first recording of a phenomenon of such short duration was in 2016. It was then that scientists captured the electron released from the bonds of the original helium atom. They estimated that this loop lasted 850 zeptoseconds. The results of these measurements appeared in the journal "Nature Physics".
The journal "Nature" published a publication by a team of scientists about the fact that they managed to get one Superconductor to get that at room temperature works, maybe a little cooler than room temperature, because 14,5 degrees Celsius. The catch is that the material in which this phenomenon has been demonstrated has to be pressed to 2,6 million atmospheres. But just achieving superconductivity at such a high temperature is a great achievement.
An international group of scientists has set an upper limit for the speed of sound, which is around 36 kilometers per second. So far, the highest speed of sound has been measured in a diamond and was only about half of the stated maximum.
Sound waves can penetrate various media such as air or water. Depending on what they are crossing, they move at different speeds. For example, they move much faster through solids than through liquids or gases, so an oncoming train can be heard sooner if you listen to the sound traveling along the route rather than in the air.
Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity sets an absolute limit to the speed at which a wave can propagate, namely the speed of light, which is around 300.000 km per second. So far, however, it is not known whether sound waves also have an upper speed limit when crossing solids or liquids. Until now. Scientists at Queen Mary University of London, Cambridge University, and the Institute of High Pressure Physics in Troiksk, Russia, have found that the speed of sound depends on two dimensionless fundamental constants: the subtle structural constant and the ratio of proton mass to electron. The results of their work are in the magazine "Science Advances"has been published. (Image source: Pixelbay)
A team of physicists from the University of Arkansas reported on the development of a system that is able to detect thermal movements in the structure of graphs and convert them into electrical current. "The graph-based energy collection circuit can be integrated with a processor to provide clean, low-voltage energy for small devices or sensors," said Paul Thibado, professor of physics and lead author of a paper on the subject published in Physical Review E.
The Polish-Israeli team led by Dr. Radek Łapkiewicz from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw presented a new, revolutionary method of microscopy that theoretically has no resolution limit in the magazine "Optica".
The research was announced by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) in a communication to PAP. Dr. Łapkiewicz is a recipient of the FIRST TEAM program.
The development of life sciences and medicine requires the observation of ever smaller objects - for example the structure and interaction of proteins in cells. The samples observed should not differ from the structures naturally occurring in the body - therefore the methods and reagents must not be used too aggressively. The classic optical microscope has insufficient resolution. Due to the wavelength of the light, such a microscope does not allow the imaging of structures that are smaller than about 250 nanometers (half the wavelength of green light). Objects that are closer together can no longer be distinguished. This is the so-called diffractive limitation. The electron microscope has a resolution several orders of magnitude higher than a light microscope, but it allows us to only observe dead objects that are placed in a vacuum and bombarded with an electron beam. It is not about studying living organisms or processes naturally occurring in them.
Thanks to centrifugal force and the use of liquids of different densities, self-organizing chemical factories can be developed. The idea for spinning reactors proposed by Poland is not only clever but also beautiful. The research was placed on the cover of the prestigious magazine "Nature".
The Polish-Korean team showed how a whole series of complex chemical reactions can be carried out at the same time - without resorting to complicated plant systems, ... centrifugal force. The first author of the publication is Dr. Olgierd Cybulski, who works at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) in South Korea.
A rotating chemical reactor
- We show how to prepare self-organizing chemical factories - describes the corresponding author of the publication, Prof. Bartosz Grzybowski (also UNIST and the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences). He adds that he already has an idea how to make such a chemical spinning reactor ... to recover lithium from liquids in batteries.
The fact that liquids of different densities can form unmixed layers can even be observed during lunch - while staring at broths. Soup fat floats on top because it is less dense than the watery part of the soup.
At home, a more complex experience can be had: many liquids of different densities are slowly poured into a single vessel one at a time. You can start with the densest honey, maple syrup, dish soap, water, vegetable oil to the rarest kerosene. If this happens slowly enough, you will see layers of different colors separated from each other and not mixed in this (inedible) so-called density column. But if such a density column begins to rotate very, very quickly - to rotate the vessel around a vertical axis (like on a pottery wheel, but much faster - e.g. 2,6 thousand revolutions per minute), it turns out that the subsequent layers form concentric rings. The lightest liquids are smaller in diameter and placed closest to the center of the centrifuge, while the densest are placed in large rings closer to the edge of the centrifuge. Centrifugation is an important factor here as centrifugal force begins to dominate the surface tension of the liquid. Very thin layers of liquid - up to 0,15 mm or even thinner - can be achieved without the risk of mixing. If the density of the liquid is chosen correctly, scientists have shown that up to 20 colored rings can be obtained in a centrifuge that rotates around a common axis.
One of the most important goals in astronomy is to accurately measure the total amount of matter in the universe. This is a very difficult task even for the most advanced mathematician. A team of scientists from the University of California at Riverside performed such calculations. The research was conducted in Astrophysical Journal released. The team of scientists found that known matter makes up 31 percent of the total amount of matter and energy in the universe. The remaining 69 percent are dark matter and energy.
Dark matter
- If all the matter in the universe were evenly distributed in space, there would be an average of only about six hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, "says research chief author Mohamed Abdullah of the University of California, Riverside. The scientist emphasizes, however, that most matter is actually dark Matter is. - So we can't really talk about hydrogen atoms, but about matter that cosmologists don't yet understand, "he says. Dark matter doesn't emit or reflect light, making it very difficult to see. But their existence is betrayed by their gravitational effects. This is how scientists explain the anomalies in the rotation of galaxies and the movement of galaxies in galaxy clusters. Scientists are still trying to figure out what exactly is the nature of dark matter and what creates it, but despite years of research, they are standing on the spot. It is believed that dark matter in the universe is not baryonic. It is likely made up of as-yet-undiscovered subatomic particles. But since it does not interact with light like normal matter, it can only be observed through gravitational effects, which cannot be explained unless there is more matter than can be seen. For this reason, most experts believe that dark matter is ubiquitous in the universe and has a strong influence on its structure and evolution. Abdullah explains that one of the good techniques for determining the total amount of matter in the universe is to compare the number of galaxies observed against selected volume units and mathematical models. Since modern galaxies are formed from matter that has changed over billions of years due to gravity, it is possible to predict the amount of matter in the universe.
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A team of German scientists measured the passage of photons through the hydrogen molecule. This is the shortest measurement of a period of time so far and is expressed in zeptoseconds or trillions of seconds. Physicists at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt have measured how in collaboration with scientists from the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin and DESY in Hamburg long it takes a photon to traverse a hydrogen particle. The result they obtained is 247 zeptoseconds for the average bond length of the particle. This is the shortest time span that has been measured so far.
The research was announced by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) in a communication to PAP. Dr. Łapkiewicz is a recipient of the FIRST TEAM program.
Thanks to centrifugal force and the use of liquids of different densities, self-organizing chemical factories can be developed. The idea for spinning reactors proposed by Poland is not only clever but also beautiful. The research was placed on the cover of the prestigious magazine "Nature".
One of the most important goals in astronomy is to accurately measure the total amount of matter in the universe. This is a very difficult task even for the most advanced mathematician. A team of scientists from the University of California at Riverside performed such calculations. The research was conducted in